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Comparing, Translating, and Editing - Edogawa Ranpo/Hirai Tarō



Original Article
Edogawa Ranpo
Tarō Hirai (Hirai Tarō, October 21, 1894 – July 28, 1965), better known by the pseudonym Edogawa Ranpo, also romanized as Edogawa Rampo, was a Japanese author and critic who played a major role in the development of Japanese mystery fiction. Many of his novels involve the detective hero Kogoro Akechi, who in later books was the leader of a group of boy detectives known as the "Boy Detectives Club" (Shōnen tantei dan).
Ranpo was an admirer of Western mystery writers, and especially of Edgar Allan Poe. His pen name is a rendering of Poe's name. Other authors who were special influences on him were Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, whom he attempted to translate into Japanese during his days as a student at Waseda University, and the Japanese mystery writer Ruikō Kuroiwa.
Tarō Hirai was born in Nabari, Mie Prefecture in 1894, where his grandfather had been a samurai in the service of Tsu Domain. The family moved to what is now Kameyama, Mie, and from there to Nagoya when he was age two. He studied economics at Waseda University starting in 1912. After graduating in 1916 with a degree in economics he worked a series of odd jobs, including newspaper editing, drawing cartoons for magazine publications, selling soba noodles as a street vendor, and working in a used bookstore.
In 1923 he made his literary debut by publishing the mystery story "The Two-Sen Copper Coin" (Ni-sen dōka) under the pen name "Edogawa Ranpo" (pronounced quickly, this humorous pseudonym sounds much like the name of the American pioneer of detective fiction, Edgar Allan Poe, whom he admired). The story appeared in the magazine Shin Seinen, a popular magazine written largely for an adolescent audience. Shin Seinen had previously published stories by a variety of Western authors including Poe, Arthur Conan Doyle, and G. K. Chesterton, but this was the first time the magazine published a major piece of mystery fiction by a Japanese author. Some, such as James B. Harris (Ranpo's first translator into English), have erroneously called this the first piece of modern mystery fiction by a Japanese writer, but well before Ranpo entered the literary scene in 1923, a number of other modern Japanese authors such as Ruikō Kuroiwa, Kidō Okamoto, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Haruo Satō, and Kaita Murayama had incorporated elements of sleuthing, mystery, and crime within stories involving adventure, intrigue, the bizarre, and the grotesque. What struck critics as new about Ranpo’s debut story "The Two-Sen Copper Coin" was that it focused on the logical process of ratiocination used to solve a mystery within a story that is closely related to Japanese culture. The story involves an extensive description of an ingenious code based on a Buddhist incantation known as the "nenbutsu" as well as Japanese-language Braille.
Over the course of the next several years, Edogawa went on to write a number of other stories that focus on crimes and the processes involved in solving them. Among these stories are a number of stories that are now considered classics of early 20th-century Japanese popular literature: "The Case of the Murder on D. Hill" (D-zaka no satsujin jiken, January 1925), which is about a woman who is killed in the course of a sadomasochistic extramarital affair, "The Stalker in the Attic" (Yane-ura no Sanposha, August 1925), which is about a man who kills a neighbor in a Tokyo boarding house by dropping poison through a hole in the attic floor into his mouth, and "The Human Chair" (Ningen Isu, October 1925), which is about a man who hides himself in a chair to feel the bodies on top of him. Mirrors, lenses, and other optical devices appear in many of Edogawa's other early stories, such as "The Hell of Mirrors".
Although many of his first stories were primarily about sleuthing and the processes used in solving seemingly insolvable crimes, during the 1930s, he began to turn increasingly to stories that involved a combination of sensibilities often called "ero guro nansensu", from the three words "eroticism, grotesquerie, and the nonsensical". The presence of these sensibilities helped him sell his stories to the public, which was increasingly eager to read his work. One finds in these stories a frequent tendency to incorporate elements of what the Japanese at that time called "abnormal sexuality" (hentai seiyoku). For instance, a major portion of the plot of the novel The Demon of the Lonely Isle (Kotō no oni), serialized from January 1929 to February 1930 in the journal Morning Sun (Asahi), involves a homosexual doctor and his infatuation for another main character.
By the 1930s, Edogawa was writing regularly for a number of major public journals of popular literature, and he had emerged as the foremost voice of Japanese mystery fiction. The detective hero Kogorō Akechi, who had first appeared in the story "The Case of the Murder on D. Hill" became a regular feature in his stories, a number of which pitted him against a dastardly criminal known as the Fiend with Twenty Faces (Kaijin ni-jū mensō), who had an incredible ability to disguise himself and move throughout society. (A number of these novels were subsequently made into films.) The 1930 novel introduced the adolescent Kobayashi Yoshio as Kogoro's sidekick, and in the period after World War II, Edogawa wrote a number of novels for young readers that involved Kogoro and Kobayashi as the leaders of a group of young sleuths called the "Boy Detectives Club" (Shōnen tantei dan). These works were wildly popular and are still read by many young Japanese readers, much like the Hardy Boys or Nancy Drew mysteries are popular mysteries for adolescents in the English-speaking world.
In the postwar period, a large number of Edogawa's books were made into films. The interest in using Edogawa's literature as a departure point for creating films has continued well after his death. Edogawa, who suffered from a variety of health issues, including atherosclerosis and Parkinson's disease, died from a cerebral hemorrhage at his home in 1965. His grave is at the Tama Cemetery in Fuchu, near Tokyo.
The Edogawa Rampo Prize (Edogawa Ranpo Shō), named after Edogawa Rampo, is a Japanese literary award which has been presented every year by the Mystery Writers of Japan since 1955. The winner is given a prize of ¥10 million with publication rights by Kodansha.

Comparison with Google Translate (click pictures to see them clearly)











Final Result
Edogawa Ranpo

Tarō Hirai (Hirai Tarō, 21 Oktober 1894 - 28 Juli 1965), lebih dikenal dengan nama samaran Edogawa Ranpo, dan diromanisasi sebagai Edogawa Rampo, adalah seorang penulis Jepang dan kritikus yang berperan penting dalam berkembangnya fiksi misteri Jepang . Banyak dari novelnya melibatkan pahlawan detektif Kogoro Akechi, yang dalam buku-buku selanjutnya adalah pemimpin dari kelompok detektif cilik yang dikenal sebagai "Boy Detectives Club" (Shonen Tantei Dan).
Ranpo adalah seorang penggemar penulis misteri Barat, terutama Edgar Allan Poe. Nama penanya bahkan mengadaptasi nama Poe. Penulis lain yang berpengaruh banyak pada dirinya adalah Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, yang karya-karyanya berusaha ia terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Jepang selama ia menjadi mahasiswa di Universitas Waseda, dan penulis misteri Jepang Ruikō Kuroiwa.
Tarō Hirai lahir di Nabari, Prefektur Mie pada tahun 1894, di mana kakeknya pernah menjadi samurai yang melayani pada masa kekuasaan Tsu. Keluarganya pindah ke tempat yang kini menjadi Kameyama, Mie, dan ketika ia berusia dua tahun dari sana pindah ke Nagoya. Dia belajar ekonomi di Universitas Waseda mulai tahun 1912. Setelah lulus dengan gelar di bidang ekonomi pada tahun 1916 ia bekerja dalam berbagai pekerjaan sambilan, termasuk penyuntingan koran, menggambar kartun untuk publikasi majalah, menjual mie soba di pinggir jalan, dan bekerja di sebuah toko buku bekas.
Pada tahun 1923 ia membuat debut sastra dengan menerbitkan cerita misteri "The Two-Sen Copper Coin" (Ni-sen Doka) dengan nama "Edogawa Ranpo" (diucapkan dengan cepat, nama samaran lucu ini terdengar seperti nama pelopor fiksi detektif Amerika Edgar Allan Poe yang ia kagumi). Cerita ini muncul pertama kali di majalah Shin Seinen, sebuah majalah populer yang sebagian besar isinya memuat untuk pembaca remaja. Shin Seinen sebelumnya telah menerbitkan berbagai cerita penulis Barat termasuk Poe, Arthur Conan Doyle, dan G. K. Chesterton, tapi ini pertama kalinya majalah ini menerbitkan karya fiksi misteri penulis Jepang. Beberapa orang, seperti James B. Harris (penerjemah ke dalam bahasa Inggris pertama Ranpo), telah keliru menyebut karya ini sebagai karya fiksi misteri modern pertama yang ditulis oleh orang Jepang, namun sebelum Ranpo memasuki panggung sastra pada tahun 1923, sejumlah penulis Jepang modern lainnya seperti Ruikō Kuroiwa, Kido Okamoto, Jun'ichiro Tanizaki, Haruo Satō, dan Kaita Murayama telah memadukan unsur-unsur kedetektifan, misteri, dan kriminal dalam cerita-cerita yang melibatkan petualangan, intrik, keanehan, dan keganjilan. Apa yang membuat debut "The Two-Sen Copper Coin" Ranpo dianggap baru oleh para kritikus adalah kisahnya yang fokus pada proses berpikir logika yang digunakan untuk memecahkan misteri dalam kisah yang erat terkait dengan budaya Jepang. Cerita ini melibatkan penjelasan lengkap kode cerdik berdasarkan mantra Buddha yang dikenal sebagai "nenbutsu" serta bahasa Braille-Jepang.
Selama beberapa tahun ke depan, Edogawa terus menulis sejumlah cerita lain yang fokus pada kejahatan dan proses-proses yang dilibatkan untuk memecahkannya. Di antara kisah-kisah ini adalah sejumlah cerita yang sekarang dianggap klasik di awal abad ke-20 sastra populer Jepang: "The Case of the Murder on D. Hill" (D-zaka no satsujin jiken, Januari 1925), cerita mengenai seorang wanita yang tewas pada saat sedang melakukan hubungan di luar pernikahan sadomasokis, "The Stalker in the Attic" (Yane-ura no Sanposha, Agustus 1925), kisah seorang lelaki yang membunuh tetangganya di pondokan Tokyo dengan meneteskan racun ke mulutnya melalui lubang di lantai loteng, dan "The Human Chair" (Ningen Isu, Oktober 1925), cerita seorang lelaki yang menyembunyikan dirinya di dalam sofa untuk merasakan tubuh-tubuh yang mendudukinya. Cermin, lensa, dan perangkat optik lainnya muncul dalam kisah-kisah awal Edogawa lainnya, seperti "The Hell of Mirrors".
Meskipun banyak cerita-cerita pertamanya mengenai berpikir logika dan proses yang digunakan dalam memecahkan kejahatan yang tampaknya tidak dapat dipecahkan, selama tahun 1930, ia mulai mengubah cerita yang melibatkan kombinasi sensibilitas yang sering disebut sebagai "ero guro nansensu", gabungan tiga kata "erotisme, keganjilan, dan ketidakmasukakalan". Kehadiran sensibilitas ini membantunya menjual cerita kepada masyarakat, yang semakin bersemangat untuk membaca karyanya. Seseorang menemukan kecenderungan dalam cerita-cerita ini yang sering memasukkan unsur-unsur yang orang-orang Jepang pada waktu itu sebut sebagai "seksualitas abnormal" (hentai seiyoku). Misalnya, sebagian besar dari plot novel The Demon of the Lonely Isle (Kotō no oni), serial dari Januari 1929 sampai Februari 1930 dalam jurnal Morning Sun (Asahi), melibatkan dokter homoseksual dan keberahiannya pada tokoh utama lainnya.
Pada tahun 1930-an, Edogawa menulis secara rutin untuk sejumlah jurnal-jurnal besar sastra populer, dan ia telah muncul sebagai suara utama fiksi misteri Jepang. Pahlawan detektif Kogoro Akechi, yang pertama kali muncul dalam cerita "The Case of the Murder on D. Hill" menjadi fitur reguler dalam cerita-ceritanya, beberapa di antaranya melawan seorang penjahat kejam yang dikenal sebagai Fiend with twenty Faces (Kaijin ni-jū mensō), yang memiliki kemampuan luar biasa untuk menyamar dan berbaur di masyarakat. (Sejumlah novel tersebut kemudian dibuat menjadi film.) Novel tahun 1930 memperkenalkan seorang remaja bernama Kobayashi Yoshio sebagai pendamping Kogoro, dan pada periode setelah Perang Dunia II, Edogawa menulis sejumlah novel untuk pembaca muda yang melibatkan Kogoro dan Kobayashi sebagai pemimpin kelompok detektif muda yang disebut "Boy Detectives Club" (Shōnen tantei dan). Karya-karya ini sangat populer dan masih dibaca oleh banyak pembaca muda Jepang, mirip seperti kisah misteri Hardy Boys atau Nancy Drew yang populer untuk remaja di dunia berbahasa Inggris.
Pada periode pasca perang, sejumlah besar buku Edogawa ini dibuat menjadi film. Intensitas dalam menggunakan karya sastra Edogawa sebagai titik keberangkatan untuk membuat film terus barlangsung bahkan setelah kematiannya. Edogawa, yang menderita dari berbagai masalah kesehatan, termasuk aterosklerosis dan Parkinson, meninggal karena pendarahan otak di rumahnya pada tahun 1965. Makamnya berada di Pemakaman Tama di Fuchu, dekat Tokyo.
Edogawa Rampo Prize (Edogawa Ranpo Shō), dinamai menggunakan nama Edogawa Rampo, adalah penghargaan sastra Jepang yang telah diadakan setiap tahun sejak 1955 oleh Mystery Writers of Japan (Penulis Misteri Jepang). Pemenangnya mendapatkan hadiah sebesar 10 juta Yen dengan hak publikasi oleh Kodansha.

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